Part of the "Digital Camera Fundamentals" course is reviewing the proper camera settings to take great action photos. These settings and techniques are useful when photographing sports, wildlife or sometimes candid photos and street photography. There are three different menu options to consider when taking action photos; Exposure Mode, Focus Mode and Drive Mode.
The first and most important of these is your basic exposure settings. There are three different controls that effect your exposure; ISO, Aperture and Shutter Speed. When motion is a factor in the photographs you are taking, then your shutter speed setting becomes the most important of the three. Your shutter speed MUST be fast enough to freeze the motion of the subject of your photos. How fast this shutter speed needs to be depends upon how fast the subject is moving. For example, photographing people walking would only require a shutter speed of about 1/250th of a second. A person jogging might require a shutter speed of 1/500th of a second or faster. To capture the action of professional sports, your camera would need to be set to at least 1/1000th of a second and often much faster than that. In the example below, the photographer set his shutter speed to 1/4000th of a second to freeze the action of the motorcycle in mid-air.
Action Photography
EXPOSURE SETTINGS
Generally the ISO settings for action photography must be quite high in order to obtain the shutter speeds needed. The photographer must first choose an appropriate ISO. The ISO would often be set to 1600 or higher as needed.
We recommend setting your camera to "Shutter Speed Priority" on your exposure modes. This is indicated as the letter S (shutter) on most cameras or Tv (Time Value) on Canon cameras. In shutter speed priority, your main command dial will default to adjust your shutter speed. Scroll your command dial to set your shutter speed to the desired setting. In "Shutter Speed Priority" mode, when you depress the shutter release button to take a picture, your camera's light meter will engage and measure the amount of light in the scene, then adjusting the aperture to obtain a proper exposure. In summary, the photographer selects the ISO and Shutter Speed, the camera selects the aperture. If you are not able to obtain a fast enough shutter speed, you may need to select a higher ISO setting. When judging the quality of action photos, the image noise produced at high ISOs is the lesser evil than blurred motion in the subject of the photo.
After you have set your exposure and shutter speed correctly, you will want to change your DRIVE MODE to its "Burst" or "High Speed" setting. By default, most of our cameras are set to single or one shot mode. This is where you depress the shutter release button and your camera will take a single photograph. You must then release and depress the button again in order to take another photo. When photographing action, it is difficult to capture the peak of the action in a single, well timed push of the button. When you have your camera set to Burst or High Speed, You camera will continue to create images as quickly as possible for as long as you hold the Shutter Release Button down. Some cameras have a burst speed of only 4 or 5 frames per second while high end equipment can be as fast at 15 to 20 frames per second. Using this setting will allow you to follow the action through your viewfinder, while continuously taking photographs. One or two of the images you create is bound to capture the action at the most interesting point in time.
FOCUS MODE SETTINGS
The final one of your menu options to consider is the Focus Mode. The subject of your photo must be sharply in focus for the image to be considered successful. A rapidly moving object is sometimes a challenge for your cameras autofocus system when using the default Focus Mode. The default mode is called "One Shot" (Canon) or Auto Focus Single (AF-S on Nikon and other brands). In AF-S Mode, your camera takes a single photo and then will proceed to refocus the lens every time you depress the shutter release button. When using the camera in AF-C (Auto Focus Continuous) or Servo Mode, your camera will continuously focus and refocus on the subject of the image for as long as you depress the shutter release button.
When using this mode, keep the subject of the action in the focus point where your camera is set to use. Depress the Shutter Release button part way to engage the light meter and the autofocus system. Continue to hold the button in the halfway position until you are ready to take a photo, tracking the subject of the photo at all times. When the action peaks, depress the shutter release button fully
Canon camera should be set to AI SERVO
The combination of correct shutter speed, burst or high Speed drive mode, and Servo or Continuous focus mode will greatly assist you in capturing the best possible action style photography. Once you have these settings correct, just keep your eye on the action and hold the button down when things get exciting. You are bound to get a great image if you follow these steps.
Happy Shooting!
Chris Stambaugh MPA
Instructor and Administrator for the Burwell School of Photography